MongoDB Haskell Mini Tutorial ----------------------------- __Author:__ Brian Gianforcaro (b.gianfo@gmail.com) __Updated:__ 2/28/2010 This is a mini tutorial to get you up and going with the basics of the Haskell mongoDB drivers. It is modeled after the [pymongo tutorial](http://api.mongodb.org/python/1.4%2B/tutorial.html). You will need the mongoDB driver installed as well as mongo itself installed. $ = command line prompt > = ghci repl prompt Installing Haskell Bindings --------------------------- From Source: $ git clone git://github.com/srp/mongoDB.git $ cd mongoDB $ runhaskell Setup.hs configure $ runhaskell Setup.hs build $ runhaskell Setup.hs install From Hackage using cabal: $ cabal install mongoDB Getting Ready ------------- Start a MongoDB instance for us to play with: $ mongod --dbpath Start up a haskell repl: $ ghci Now we'll need to bring in the MongoDB/Bson bindings and set OverloadedStrings so literal strings are converted to UTF-8 automatically. > import Database.MongoDB > :set -XOverloadedStrings Making A Connection ------------------- Open up a connection to your mongo server, using the standard port (27017): > conn <- connect 1 $ host "127.0.0.1" or for a non-standard port > conn <- connect 1 $ Host "127.0.0.1" (PortNumber 30000) *connect* takes the connection pool size and the host to connect to. It returns a *Connection*, which is really a pool of TCP connections, initially created on demand. So it is not possible to get a connection error until you try to use it. Plain IO code in this driver never raises an exception unless it invokes third party IO code that does. Driver code that may throw an exception says so in its Monad type, for example, *ErrorT IOError IO a*. Access monad ------------------- A mongo query/update executes in an *Access* monad, which has access to a *Pipe*, *WriteMode*, and *MasterSlaveOk* mode, and may throw a *Failure*. A Pipe is a single TCP connection, while a Connection is a pool of Pipes. To run an Access action (monad), supply WriteMode, MasterOrSlaveOk, Connection, and action to *access*. For example, to get a list of all the database on the server: > access safe Master conn allDatabases Since we are working in ghci, which requires us to start from the IO monad every time, we'll define a convenient *run* function that takes an action and executes it against our "test" database on the server we just connected to: > let run action = access safe Master conn $ use (Database "test") action *access* return either Left Failure or Right result. Failure means there was a connection failure, or a read or write exception like cursor expired or duplicate key insert. *use* adds a *Database* to the action context, so query/update operations know which database to operate on. Databases and Collections ----------------------------- MongoDB can store multiple databases -- separate namespaces under which collections reside. You can obtain the list of databases available on a connection: > run allDatabases The "test" database in context is ignored in this case because *allDatabases* is not a query on a specific database but on the server as a whole. Databases and collections do not need to be created, just start using them and MongoDB will automatically create them for you. In the below examples we'll be using the database "test" (captured in *run* above) and the colllection "posts": You can obtain a list of collections available in the "test" database: > run allCollections Documents --------- Data in MongoDB is represented (and stored) using JSON-style documents. In mongoDB we use the BSON *Document* type to represent these documents. A document is simply a list of *Field*s, where each field is a named value. A value is a basic type like Bool, Int, Float, String, Time; a special BSON value like Binary, Javascript, ObjectId; a (embedded) Document; or a list of values. Here's an example document which could represent a blog post: > import Data.Time > now <- getCurrentTime > :{ let post = ["author" =: "Mike", "text" =: "My first blog post!", "tags" =: ["mongoDB", "Haskell"], "date" =: now] :} Inserting a Document ------------------- To insert a document into a collection we can use the *insert* function: > run $ insert "posts" post When a document is inserted a special field, *_id*, is automatically added if the document doesn't already contain that field. The value of *_id* must be unique across the collection. *insert* returns the value of *_id* for the inserted document. For more information, see the [documentation on _id](http://www.mongodb.org/display/DOCS/Object+IDs). After inserting the first document, the posts collection has actually been created on the server. We can verify this by listing all of the collections in our database: > run allCollections * Note The system.indexes collection is a special internal collection that was created automatically. Getting a single document with findOne ------------------------------------- The most basic type of query that can be performed in MongoDB is *findOne*. This method returns a single document matching a query (or *Nothing* if there are no matches). It is useful when you know there is only one matching document, or are only interested in the first match. Here we use *findOne* to get the first document from the posts collection: > run $ findOne (select [] "posts") The result is a document matching the one that we inserted previously. * Note: The returned document contains an *_id*, which was automatically added on insert. *findOne* also supports querying on specific elements that the resulting document must match. To limit our results to a document with author "Mike" we do: > run $ findOne (select ["author" =: "Mike"] "posts") If we try with a different author, like "Eliot", we'll get no result: > run $ findOne (select ["author" =: "Eliot"] "posts") Bulk Inserts ------------ In order to make querying a little more interesting, let's insert a few more documents. In addition to inserting a single document, we can also perform bulk insert operations, by using the *insertMany* function which accepts a list of documents to be inserted. It send only a single command to the server: > now <- getCurrentTime > :{ let post1 = ["author" =: "Mike", "text" =: "Another post!", "tags" =: ["bulk", "insert"], "date" =: now] :} > :{ let post2 = ["author" =: "Eliot", "title" =: "MongoDB is fun", "text" =: "and pretty easy too!", "date" =: now] :} > run $ insertMany "posts" [post1, post2] * Note that post2 has a different shape than the other posts - there is no "tags" field and we've added a new field, "title". This is what we mean when we say that MongoDB is schema-free. Querying for More Than One Document ------------------------------------ To get more than a single document as the result of a query we use the *find* method. *find* returns a cursor instance, which allows us to iterate over all matching documents. There are several ways in which we can iterate: we can call *next* to get documents one at a time or we can get all the results by applying the cursor to *rest*: > Right cursor <- run $ find (select ["author" =: "Mike"] "posts") > run $ rest cursor Of course you can use bind (*>>=*) to combine these into one line: > run $ find (select ["author" =: "Mike"] "posts") >>= rest * Note: *next* automatically closes the cursor when the last document has been read out of it. Similarly, *rest* automatically closes the cursor after returning all the results. Counting -------- We can count how many documents are in an entire collection: > run $ count (select [] "posts") Or count how many documents match a query: > run $ count (select ["author" =: "Mike"] "posts") Range Queries ------------- To do Indexing -------- To do